See Fukien on Wiktionary
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"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
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{
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"word": "Fujian"
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1973 May 11, “Taiwan Fisherman Compatriots Rescued”, in Peking Review, volume 16, number 19, archived from the original on 2019-05-12, page 4:",
"text": "On April 27, 12 fishermen from a trawler of the Hsinhuatai Co. in Keelung City, Taiwan Province, that had sunk near the island of Tungyin because of an engine breakdown were rescued by fishermen of the Haifeng Brigade of the Huangchi People's Commune in Lienchiang County, Fukien Province.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Lawrence D. Kessler, K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule 1661-1684, pages 43-44:",
"text": "In the following year, over 30,000 people of T'ung-shan were evacuated. But during the rebellion of the three feudatories, when Cheng Ching again had a foothold on the mainland, the people of Fukien returned to their homes along the coast.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1977 July 24, T. K. Yang, “Freedom seeker says m'land people fight pigs for food”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVIII, number 29, Taipei, page 2:",
"text": "Looking through the window into the misty morning sky over Taipei from his suite at a guest house on Yangmingshan on July 8, Fan Yuan-yen's eyes were filled with tears of joy-an experience that he had never before known. Just the day before, he had made a successful flight to freedom in a MIG19, from Chingkiang in Fukien Province on the Chinese mainland to an air force base in southern Taiwan.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1985, Diana Lary, Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers 1911-1937, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 135:",
"text": "An experience we had in a village called Liang-a, Fukien [Fujian] will give an idea of some of the present difficulties.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 175:",
"text": "If the United States revoked MFN status, tariffs would skyrocket on the goods such as textiles, shoes, and toys that are primarily produced by private enterprises. Coastal provinces, such as Guangdong near Hong Kong and Fukien near Taiwan, that have served as the beachhead for free-market economics would suffer the worst blow.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations, Pan Books, →ISBN, page 409:",
"text": "Opportunities to seaward, however risky, are more inviting than those on land. The first sign that those opportunities were being exploited is a rapid expansion of population indicated by censuses of the late seventh and eighth centuries. It may have been caused by refugees, attracted by the very inaccessibility of the region and content to farm as best they could on marginal and reclaimed lands. But by the ninth century there are numerous references in documents to the 'trade of the South Sea' on the Fukien coast.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008 October, “Land and Climate”, in Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, Republic of China, editor, Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2007, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-05-27, page 1:",
"text": "Taiwan, also know as Formosa, is an island about 160 kilometers off the southeast coast of mainland Chain. It is separated from Fukien Province on the mainland China by the Taiwan Straits.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2009, Leonard H. D. Gordon, Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers, Lexington Books, →ISBN:",
"text": "Resembling the shape of a tobacco leaf, Taiwan lies ninety miles off the coast of China and stretches nearly two hundred miles from north to south along the turbulent strait that bears its name separating the island from Fukien (Fujian) province ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "(Can we date this quote?), “Introduction”, in Taitung Police Precinct, Taitung County Police Bureau, archived from the original on 2011-10-20:",
"text": "In addition to lowland aboriginals and mountain aboriginals, the residents primarily originate from the southern part of Fukien Province and Guangdong Province.[…]The local residents primarily originate from the southern part of Fukien Province and make a living by fishing. Lang Yu Hsiang occupies an area of 45 square meters, accommodating 3144 persons, and has one police post and three police stations.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 September 27, Gerrit van der Wees, “Taiwan’s history:student edition”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-02, Features, page 13:",
"text": "The period of Koxinga family rule was seen positively by those who felt that he had brought new immigrants from Fukien province to Taiwan to develop agriculture, laid the foundation of a new Han Chinese society and for introducing a preliminary schooling system at the site of the Confucius Temple in Tainan.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2021 November 19, Dan Nakasone, “Featured Story – GETTING TO THE ROOT OF BENI IMO”, in The Hawaiʻi Herald, archived from the original on 2022-01-28:",
"text": "According to George Kerr’s book, “Okinawa, The History of an Island People,” beni imo was brought to Okinawa in 1606 by Noguni Sōkan, who was stationed at a Ryūkyū (Okinawa) trading post in the southern coastal district of the Fukien Province, China.",
"type": "quote"
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],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of Fujian"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-en-name-DeQHTxHy",
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"(dated) Alternative form of Fujian"
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "2000, Norbert Weissinger, Soul of the Algorithm, San Jose: Authors Choice Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 39:",
"text": "I thought it was faster than what they taught in school, but I've forgotten how to speak Fukien.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Jolan Hsieh, Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plain Indigenous in Taiwan, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 51:",
"text": "Linguistically, the mainlanders speak Mandarin Chinese, the Fulow speak Fukien/Southern dialects, and the Hakka speak their own dialects.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Brian M. Howell, Christianity in the Local Context: Southern Baptists in the Philippines, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 52:",
"text": "However, their first priority in the earliest years was language learning with the local Chinese population with whom they could practice Mandarin and Fukien.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 February 2, Iris Gonzales, “Injecting young blood into the empire”, in The Philippine Star, archived from the original on 2022-02-03:",
"text": "But more importantly, Capt. Stanley speaks the language of the Tan family, perhaps literally and otherwise. He is the son-in-law of the taipan, married to Tan’s daughter Lilybeth, also a veteran PAL pilot. He speaks fluent Mandarin, Cantonese, Fukien, English, and Filipino.",
"type": "quote"
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"glosses": [
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"ipa": "/ˈfuk.jɛn/",
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"word": "Fookien"
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"word": "Hoklo"
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],
"word": "Amoy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fu-kien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fu Kien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fu kien"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fuh-kien"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
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"word": "Fuhkien"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fuhkeen"
},
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"word": "Fuhkeën"
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"word": "Fukien"
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"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
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"ref": "1954, Zhengming Huang, The Legal Status of the Chinese Abroad:",
"text": "The Fukiens are to-day the most numerous of the Chinese race in Johore, Kelantan and the Straits Settlements. Taking British Malaya as a whole, there are 39 Chinese in every hundred of the population, while the percentage of Malays is 37.5 ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1955, Ernest Henry George Dobby, Senior Geography for Malayans:",
"text": "The differences between South Chinese clans have been jealously kept, particularly among the Fukiens who, in Malaya, are called Hokkien if from the Kiulung Valley near Amoy, Teochiu if from the Han Valley behind Chaochow and Swatow, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1993, Tran Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, →ISBN, page 30:",
"text": "Whereas the Teochews in Thailand and Cambodia, and the Fukiens in the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia are the largest groups within their respective Chinese communities and hold the most powerful economic positions, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Ethnicity and Migration in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam, 1975-2007:",
"text": "The Fukiens were skilled in trading, import and export, building ships and ocean shipping, intermediary business, running hotels and restaurants and manufacturing rubber products.",
"type": "quote"
}
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"glosses": [
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"(Philippines) A (member of a) group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language."
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"ipa": "/ˈfuk.jɛn/",
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fu-kien"
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fu Kien"
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"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
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"word": "Fukienese"
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{
"ref": "1937, Robert Lockhart Hobson, Handbook of the Pottery & Porcelain of the Far East in the Department of Oriental Antiquities and of Ethnography, page 118:",
"text": "A few more Fukien figures and groups are included in the porcelain showing European influences in Bay VI; and it is curious to note that in several cases the European figure is apparently credited with divine attributes.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Hwang, M.D., Qinghuang Yan, Chʻing-huang Yen, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution, page 9:",
"text": "Two of the schools were Cantonese while the other was Fukien.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine:",
"text": "The most celebrated tea of the Ming period was Fukien tea, grown in the hills of Wu I, which the Chinese believed could purify the blood and renew health.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, John Franklin Copper, The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan 2008 to 2012, page 148:",
"text": "The south is more rural, more provincial, and more Fukien Taiwanese.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of or relating to the province of Fujian in China, the Fujianese people, or the Hokkien language."
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"tags": [
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"sounds": [
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"enpr": "fo͞oʹkyěnʹ"
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{
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"ipa": "/ˈfuk.jɛn/",
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"2": "Fokien"
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"expansion": "Spanish Fokien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"b": "Fukyen"
},
"expansion": "Fukien (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)",
"name": "tl-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Fuk‧ien"
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 2 16 25 9 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 24 37 6 26 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tl",
"name": "Languages",
"orig": "tl:Languages",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Names",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Language of Fukien",
"text": "wikang Fukien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "salitang Fukien\nFukien language word; Fukien Language",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the Hokkien language"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-name-r6IDXFUT",
"links": [
[
"Hokkien",
"Hokkien"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "tl",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "tl:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "tl",
"name": "Provinces of China",
"orig": "tl:Provinces of China",
"parents": [
"Provinces",
"Places",
"Political subdivisions",
"Names",
"Polities",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Former name of Fujian, a southeastern province of China"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-name-jbXYQuix",
"links": [
[
"Fujian",
"Fujian#Tagalog"
],
[
"province",
"province"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Former name of Fujian, a southeastern province of China"
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfukjen/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfuk.jɛn̪]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpukjen/",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpuk.jɛn̪]",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukjen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fookien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Pukyen"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "zh-postal",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Postal Romanization",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "cmn",
"3": "福建",
"tr": "Fújiàn"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "Hokkien"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of Hokkien",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "Fokien"
},
"expansion": "Spanish Fokien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"b": "Fukyen"
},
"expansion": "Fukien (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)",
"name": "tl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Fuk‧ien"
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 2 16 25 9 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 14 22 6 31 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 6 14 21 8 38 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 14 21 6 32 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 6 9 13 12 46 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "tl",
"name": "Demonyms",
"orig": "tl:Demonyms",
"parents": [
"Names",
"People",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-noun-enHgW21v",
"links": [
[
"Han Chinese",
"Han Chinese"
],
[
"ancestral",
"ancestral"
],
[
"Hokkien",
"Hokkien"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) A group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 2 16 25 9 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any person from Fujian"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-noun-YVLFHG2Q",
"links": [
[
"Fujian",
"Fujian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Any person from Fujian"
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfukjen/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfuk.jɛn̪]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpukjen/",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpuk.jɛn̪]",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukjen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fookien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Pukyen"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "zh-postal",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Postal Romanization",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "cmn",
"3": "福建",
"tr": "Fújiàn"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "Hokkien"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of Hokkien",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "Fokien"
},
"expansion": "Spanish Fokien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"b": "Fukyen"
},
"expansion": "Fukien (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔)",
"name": "tl-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Fuk‧ien"
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"of or relating to the province of Fujian in China"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-adj-0eN-kdr-",
"links": [
[
"Fujian",
"Fujian"
],
[
"China",
"China"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"of or relating to the Fujianese people"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-adj-3r9T~fWN",
"links": [
[
"Fujianese",
"Fujianese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) of or relating to the Fujianese people"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 2 16 25 9 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"of or relating to the Hokkien language"
],
"id": "en-Fukien-tl-adj-h48JPLdN",
"links": [
[
"Hokkien",
"Hokkien"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) of or relating to the Hokkien language"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfukjen/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfuk.jɛn̪]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpukjen/",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpuk.jɛn̪]",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukjen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Fookien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Pukyen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Hokkien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Amoy"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English indeclinable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Mandarin",
"English terms borrowed from Postal Romanization",
"English terms derived from Mandarin",
"English terms derived from Postal Romanization",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"tl:Demonyms",
"tl:Languages"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "zh-postal",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Postal Romanization",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cmn",
"3": "福建",
"tr": "Fújiàn"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Hokkien"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of Hokkien",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "Fokien"
},
"expansion": "Spanish Fokien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Fukien",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Southern Min"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Min Nan"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Minnan"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Quanzhou–Zhangzhou"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Chinchew–Changchew"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Taiwanese"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Quanzhou dialect"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Chinchew"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Xiamen dialect"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Amoy"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Xiamenese"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Zhangzhou dialect"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Changchew"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "Fujian"
}
],
"categories": [
"English dated terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"Requests for date"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1973 May 11, “Taiwan Fisherman Compatriots Rescued”, in Peking Review, volume 16, number 19, archived from the original on 2019-05-12, page 4:",
"text": "On April 27, 12 fishermen from a trawler of the Hsinhuatai Co. in Keelung City, Taiwan Province, that had sunk near the island of Tungyin because of an engine breakdown were rescued by fishermen of the Haifeng Brigade of the Huangchi People's Commune in Lienchiang County, Fukien Province.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Lawrence D. Kessler, K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule 1661-1684, pages 43-44:",
"text": "In the following year, over 30,000 people of T'ung-shan were evacuated. But during the rebellion of the three feudatories, when Cheng Ching again had a foothold on the mainland, the people of Fukien returned to their homes along the coast.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1977 July 24, T. K. Yang, “Freedom seeker says m'land people fight pigs for food”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVIII, number 29, Taipei, page 2:",
"text": "Looking through the window into the misty morning sky over Taipei from his suite at a guest house on Yangmingshan on July 8, Fan Yuan-yen's eyes were filled with tears of joy-an experience that he had never before known. Just the day before, he had made a successful flight to freedom in a MIG19, from Chingkiang in Fukien Province on the Chinese mainland to an air force base in southern Taiwan.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1985, Diana Lary, Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers 1911-1937, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 135:",
"text": "An experience we had in a village called Liang-a, Fukien [Fujian] will give an idea of some of the present difficulties.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 175:",
"text": "If the United States revoked MFN status, tariffs would skyrocket on the goods such as textiles, shoes, and toys that are primarily produced by private enterprises. Coastal provinces, such as Guangdong near Hong Kong and Fukien near Taiwan, that have served as the beachhead for free-market economics would suffer the worst blow.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations, Pan Books, →ISBN, page 409:",
"text": "Opportunities to seaward, however risky, are more inviting than those on land. The first sign that those opportunities were being exploited is a rapid expansion of population indicated by censuses of the late seventh and eighth centuries. It may have been caused by refugees, attracted by the very inaccessibility of the region and content to farm as best they could on marginal and reclaimed lands. But by the ninth century there are numerous references in documents to the 'trade of the South Sea' on the Fukien coast.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008 October, “Land and Climate”, in Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, Republic of China, editor, Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China 2007, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-05-27, page 1:",
"text": "Taiwan, also know as Formosa, is an island about 160 kilometers off the southeast coast of mainland Chain. It is separated from Fukien Province on the mainland China by the Taiwan Straits.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2009, Leonard H. D. Gordon, Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers, Lexington Books, →ISBN:",
"text": "Resembling the shape of a tobacco leaf, Taiwan lies ninety miles off the coast of China and stretches nearly two hundred miles from north to south along the turbulent strait that bears its name separating the island from Fukien (Fujian) province ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "(Can we date this quote?), “Introduction”, in Taitung Police Precinct, Taitung County Police Bureau, archived from the original on 2011-10-20:",
"text": "In addition to lowland aboriginals and mountain aboriginals, the residents primarily originate from the southern part of Fukien Province and Guangdong Province.[…]The local residents primarily originate from the southern part of Fukien Province and make a living by fishing. Lang Yu Hsiang occupies an area of 45 square meters, accommodating 3144 persons, and has one police post and three police stations.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 September 27, Gerrit van der Wees, “Taiwan’s history:student edition”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-02, Features, page 13:",
"text": "The period of Koxinga family rule was seen positively by those who felt that he had brought new immigrants from Fukien province to Taiwan to develop agriculture, laid the foundation of a new Han Chinese society and for introducing a preliminary schooling system at the site of the Confucius Temple in Tainan.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2021 November 19, Dan Nakasone, “Featured Story – GETTING TO THE ROOT OF BENI IMO”, in The Hawaiʻi Herald, archived from the original on 2022-01-28:",
"text": "According to George Kerr’s book, “Okinawa, The History of an Island People,” beni imo was brought to Okinawa in 1606 by Noguni Sōkan, who was stationed at a Ryūkyū (Okinawa) trading post in the southern coastal district of the Fukien Province, China.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of Fujian"
],
"links": [
[
"Fujian",
"Fujian#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Alternative form of Fujian"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"dated"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Philippine English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2000, Norbert Weissinger, Soul of the Algorithm, San Jose: Authors Choice Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 39:",
"text": "I thought it was faster than what they taught in school, but I've forgotten how to speak Fukien.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Jolan Hsieh, Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Identity-Based Movement of Plain Indigenous in Taiwan, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 51:",
"text": "Linguistically, the mainlanders speak Mandarin Chinese, the Fulow speak Fukien/Southern dialects, and the Hakka speak their own dialects.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Brian M. Howell, Christianity in the Local Context: Southern Baptists in the Philippines, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 52:",
"text": "However, their first priority in the earliest years was language learning with the local Chinese population with whom they could practice Mandarin and Fukien.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 February 2, Iris Gonzales, “Injecting young blood into the empire”, in The Philippine Star, archived from the original on 2022-02-03:",
"text": "But more importantly, Capt. Stanley speaks the language of the Tan family, perhaps literally and otherwise. He is the son-in-law of the taipan, married to Tan’s daughter Lilybeth, also a veteran PAL pilot. He speaks fluent Mandarin, Cantonese, Fukien, English, and Filipino.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Hokkien language."
],
"links": [
[
"Hokkien",
"Hokkien"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Philippines) The Hokkien language."
],
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "fo͞oʹkyěnʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːˈkjɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuk.jɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuʔ.kjɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Hokkien"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Fookien"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Fukienese"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Fujianese"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Hoklo"
},
{
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "Amoy"
},
{
"word": "Fu-kien"
},
{
"word": "Fu Kien"
},
{
"word": "Fu kien"
},
{
"word": "Fuh-kien"
},
{
"word": "Fuh-Kien"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "Fuhkien"
},
{
"word": "Fuhkeen"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "Fuhkeën"
},
{
"tags": [
"Philippines"
],
"word": "Fookien"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
{
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"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
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"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Mandarin",
"English terms borrowed from Postal Romanization",
"English terms derived from Mandarin",
"English terms derived from Postal Romanization",
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"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
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"tl:Languages"
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"2": "cmn",
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"name": "bor"
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},
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"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Fukien",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Fukiens",
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"plural"
]
}
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"lang_code": "en",
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{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Philippine English",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
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{
"ref": "1954, Zhengming Huang, The Legal Status of the Chinese Abroad:",
"text": "The Fukiens are to-day the most numerous of the Chinese race in Johore, Kelantan and the Straits Settlements. Taking British Malaya as a whole, there are 39 Chinese in every hundred of the population, while the percentage of Malays is 37.5 ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1955, Ernest Henry George Dobby, Senior Geography for Malayans:",
"text": "The differences between South Chinese clans have been jealously kept, particularly among the Fukiens who, in Malaya, are called Hokkien if from the Kiulung Valley near Amoy, Teochiu if from the Han Valley behind Chaochow and Swatow, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1993, Tran Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, →ISBN, page 30:",
"text": "Whereas the Teochews in Thailand and Cambodia, and the Fukiens in the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia are the largest groups within their respective Chinese communities and hold the most powerful economic positions, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Ethnicity and Migration in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam, 1975-2007:",
"text": "The Fukiens were skilled in trading, import and export, building ships and ocean shipping, intermediary business, running hotels and restaurants and manufacturing rubber products.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A (member of a) group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language."
],
"links": [
[
"Han Chinese",
"Han Chinese"
],
[
"ancestral",
"ancestral"
],
[
"Hokkien",
"Hokkien"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Philippines) A (member of a) group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language."
],
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "fo͞oʹkyěnʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːˈkjɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuk.jɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuʔ.kjɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Fu-kien"
},
{
"word": "Fu Kien"
},
{
"word": "Fu kien"
},
{
"word": "Fuh-kien"
},
{
"word": "Fuh-Kien"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "Fuhkien"
},
{
"word": "Fuhkeen"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "Fuhkeën"
},
{
"tags": [
"Philippines"
],
"word": "Fookien"
}
],
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"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
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"English proper nouns",
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"English terms borrowed from Postal Romanization",
"English terms derived from Mandarin",
"English terms derived from Postal Romanization",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"tl:Demonyms",
"tl:Languages"
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"word": "Fukienese"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "zh-postal",
"3": "-"
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"expansion": "Postal Romanization",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cmn",
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{
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"1": "en",
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},
"expansion": "Doublet of Hokkien",
"name": "doublet"
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{
"args": {
"1": "es",
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},
"expansion": "Spanish Fokien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "Fukien (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
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"pos": "adj",
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{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
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{
"ref": "1937, Robert Lockhart Hobson, Handbook of the Pottery & Porcelain of the Far East in the Department of Oriental Antiquities and of Ethnography, page 118:",
"text": "A few more Fukien figures and groups are included in the porcelain showing European influences in Bay VI; and it is curious to note that in several cases the European figure is apparently credited with divine attributes.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Hwang, M.D., Qinghuang Yan, Chʻing-huang Yen, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution, page 9:",
"text": "Two of the schools were Cantonese while the other was Fukien.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine:",
"text": "The most celebrated tea of the Ming period was Fukien tea, grown in the hills of Wu I, which the Chinese believed could purify the blood and renew health.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, John Franklin Copper, The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan 2008 to 2012, page 148:",
"text": "The south is more rural, more provincial, and more Fukien Taiwanese.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of or relating to the province of Fujian in China, the Fujianese people, or the Hokkien language."
],
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[
"Fujian",
"Fujian"
],
[
"China",
"China"
],
[
"Fujianese",
"Fujianese"
],
[
"Hokkien",
"Hokkien"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "fo͞oʹkyěnʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːˈkjɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuk.jɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuʔ.kjɛn/",
"tags": [
"Philippines"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Fu-kien"
},
{
"word": "Fu Kien"
},
{
"word": "Fu kien"
},
{
"word": "Fuh-kien"
},
{
"word": "Fuh-Kien"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
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},
{
"word": "Fuhkeen"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "Fuhkeën"
},
{
"tags": [
"Philippines"
],
"word": "Fookien"
}
],
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"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
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"Tagalog adjectives",
"Tagalog doublets",
"Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"Tagalog lemmas",
"Tagalog nouns",
"Tagalog proper nouns",
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"Tagalog terms borrowed from Postal Romanization",
"Tagalog terms derived from Mandarin",
"Tagalog terms derived from Postal Romanization",
"Tagalog terms spelled with F",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"tl:Demonyms",
"tl:Languages"
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"3": "-"
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{
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{
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{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
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}
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{
"args": {
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"pos": "name",
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{
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],
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"english": "Language of Fukien",
"text": "wikang Fukien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "salitang Fukien\nFukien language word; Fukien Language",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the Hokkien language"
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]
]
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{
"categories": [
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"tl:Places in China",
"tl:Provinces of China"
],
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],
"links": [
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"Fujian#Tagalog"
],
[
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"province"
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[
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"China#English"
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],
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"(dated) Former name of Fujian, a southeastern province of China"
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈfukjen/",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfuk.jɛn̪]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpukjen/",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpuk.jɛn̪]",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukjen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Fookien"
},
{
"word": "Pukyen"
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],
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"Tagalog nouns",
"Tagalog proper nouns",
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"Tagalog terms derived from Mandarin",
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"Tagalog terms spelled with F",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"tl:Demonyms",
"tl:Languages"
],
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"3": "-"
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"expansion": "Postal Romanization",
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{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "cmn",
"3": "福建",
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"name": "bor"
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{
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"name": "doublet"
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{
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"expansion": "Spanish Fokien",
"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "Foquiem"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
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}
],
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"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
"Tagalog colloquialisms"
],
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"A group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language"
],
"links": [
[
"Han Chinese",
"Han Chinese"
],
[
"ancestral",
"ancestral"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) A group of Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, South China, especially those that ancestrally spoke the Hokkien language"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"glosses": [
"Any person from Fujian"
],
"links": [
[
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"Fujian"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Any person from Fujian"
],
"tags": [
"dated"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈfukjen/",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfuk.jɛn̪]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpukjen/",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpuk.jɛn̪]",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukjen"
}
],
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{
"word": "Fookien"
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{
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}
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"Tagalog terms derived from Mandarin",
"Tagalog terms derived from Postal Romanization",
"Tagalog terms spelled with F",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
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"tl:Demonyms",
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Portuguese Foquiem",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the Postal Romanization of the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 福建 (Fújiàn), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Hokkien. Compare Spanish Fokien, Portuguese Foquiem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜓᜃ᜔ᜌᜒᜈ᜔",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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[
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"(colloquial) of or relating to the Fujianese people"
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]
},
{
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],
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) of or relating to the Hokkien language"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfukjen/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈfuk.jɛn̪]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpukjen/",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpuk.jɛn̪]",
"note": "more native-sounding"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukjen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hokkien"
},
{
"word": "Amoy"
},
{
"word": "Fookien"
},
{
"word": "Pukyen"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)"
],
"word": "Fukien"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Fukien meaning in All languages combined (26.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.